Prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH) and Eventful Makkan Life
(610-622)
Prophethood:
The method of conveying the Divine Word of Almighty Allah to people is called Nabuwat or Risalat. Ever since man came to earth, Allah has sent many prophets and messengers to guide people. The first man and Prophet - Hazrat Adam (A) was chosen to be the first prophet on earth. And the last and greatest prophet and messenger is Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Between these two, many more prophets and messengers have come for the guidance of people who have lost their way. People would not have been able to find truth and light without the advent of prophets. Nabuat or Risalat is the guidance and responsibility that the Prophets and Messengers came to earth with the guidance and responsibility chosen by Allah Ta'ala.
Rasul/Messenger
Rasul is a special person chosen by Allah to preach Islam. And upon them revelation has been revealed, i.e. they have received the Book from Allah.
Nabi/Prophet:
And Prophets are special people chosen by Allah to preach Islam but no revelation is revealed to them. That is, they did not receive any new book, rather they preached the book that was revealed to the previous Prophet. In a word, all messengers are prophets but not all prophets are messengers. Rasool can be called both Nabi and Messenger. But Nabi, only Nabi is not called Rasool because he did not receive a Book from Allah.
Example:
Musa (as) was a prophet and a messenger because the Torah (Revelation) was revealed to him. And Haroon, the brother of Musa, was a prophet because no revelation was revealed to him, he fulfilled the responsibility of the book of Torah, which his brother Musa, received.
Prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH):
At the age of forty, the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad (PBUH), received prophethood, that is, at this time God sent revelation to him. The most reliable information about Prophethood is found in Az-Zuhri's narration. According to the hadith narrated by Zuhri, the Prophet received revelation through true vision. After reaching the age of thirty, the Prophet often spent time in meditation in the cave of Hera (on Mount Jabal al Noor, three miles away) near Mecca. His wife Khadija used to bring him food regularly. It was during one such meditation that Muhammad (PBUH) was 40 years old on the night of Laylat al-Qadr in the month of Ramadan in 610 when the angel Gabriel brought him the divine revelation. Gabriel said to him "Iqra '' i.e. read, the Prophet replied that he did not know how to read, whereupon Gabriel hugged him with great pressure and asked him to read the same line again. But this time too, Muhammad (PBUH) revealed his incompetence. After pressing three times like this Jibraeel said-
“Recite, in the name of your Lord who created. He created man from clotted blood. Recite, your Lord is the Most Merciful, Who taught man with the pen, He has taught man that knowledge which he did not know.” (Surah Alaq: Verses 1-5)
Now Muhammad (PBUH) was able to read the verse. The first group of verses of the Qur'an is revealed; The first five verses of Surah Al-Alak. After the first descent, the Prophet was so frightened that he entered his planet trembling and asked Khadijah to cover him with a blanket. Repeatedly said, "cover me". Khadija (R.A.) fully believed all the words of Muhammad (PBUH) and took him to her cousin Waraqah Ibn Nawfal to allay her fears. Naufal called him the last prophet. Gradually he became normal. Then wait again for the next revelation. The revelation stopped for some time, and after a long interval, the revelation came to him a second time. Now some verses of Surah Muddassir were revealed. (Bukhari)
Propagation of Islam in secret
After the revelation of Surah Muddassir, Muhammad Salah Salam received the mission of Dawat and started spreading Islam secretly. In this case, he first invited those people with whom he had a deep relationship. He first presented the invitation to Islam to those of his family, friends, and close relatives whom he considered trustworthy, who loved truth, goodness, and goodness, who were aware of his truthfulness and justice.
A group of people accepted his invitation from among those who never doubted the honor, integrity, and righteousness of Muhammad Salah Salam. In the history of Islam, this group is famous as 'Sabekine Awalin' or the first advanced group. Among them, Muhammad's (S.A.) consort Ummul Mu'minin Hazrat Khadija (RA), slave Zayd Ibn Thabit, cousin Ali Ibn Abu Talib, friend Abu Bakr Siddiq were on the top list. A total of 134 people converted to Islam, including 40 openly and 94 secretly during the first three years of the clandestine campaign.
Read More
Life and Work of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH): Before Prophethood
Influence of Al-Quran:
The influence of the revealed Quran on Muhammad ( Meanwhile) facilitated the secret calling at that time. The surahs of the Qur'an that were revealed at this time were the surahs containing short sentences suitable for the first level of da'wah. Their language was fluent and heartfelt. Besides, these verses were such a literary spectacle that they had an impact on the mind of the listener as soon as they were heard
And every word of appeal pierced his conscience like an arrow. It creates a lasting impression on the mind of the listener and makes him want to listen and recite it again and again. The miracles of Al-Qur'an secretly instilled new ideas in the minds of the infidel polytheists during the era of the spread of Islam. The leaders of Mecca forbade other people to listen to the Qur'an during the day, but at nightfall, they themselves would go outside Muhammad's house to listen to the recitation of the Qur'an.
Secret Worship
In addition to secretly spreading Islam, worship was also done secretly at that time. No one knew about it except the trusted ones. When it was time for prayer, Muhammad (PBUH) used to go to the base of a nearby mountain. Once he was praying with Ali (RA) when his uncle Abu Talib happened to be there and was surprised to see their new way of worship. At the end of the prayer he asked them what kind of religion it was. Muhammad (PBUH) replied that it is the religion of our father Ibrahim (PBUH). Abu Talib said, "Although I cannot accept it, I allow you to observe it; no one can hinder you."
Darul Arkam
Muhammad (PBUH) established an institution to properly conduct secret Da'wah activities and train new Muslims. This secret institution was the home of Sahabi Arkam or Darul Arkam. It was located at the foot of Safa hill. It is the first educational institution of Islam. Neo-Muslims used to gather here, Rasul Salam received Islamic teachings from it and Dawat activities were conducted from here.
Promoting Islam Publicly:
After three years of secretly preaching Islam, Allah Ta'ala revealed the verses with the instructions to preach Islam publicly:
“O Messenger (PBUH), preach what has been revealed to you from your Lord. And if you do not preach it, then you have not fulfilled the duty of Risalat”.
Besides, Allah says elsewhere:
"Warn your near relatives"
Through these verses, instructions are given to propagate Islam publicly.
Having received this instruction, Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) adopted two approaches
Invitation of Family and Dignitaries:
He invited the successors of Abdul Abdul Muttalib and various elites of Makkah to his house and hosted banquets. Many people participated in the meeting. At the end of the meal, Muhammad (PBUH) invited them to Islam and urged them to cooperate with him. But no one immediately answered his call. However, Kishore Ali responded to the call of Muhammad (PBUH) and announced his acceptance of Islam.
Early Morning Meeting:
One day, Muhammad (PBUH) stood at the foot of Safa hill and started calling the people by saying "Ya Sabahan" which was a common Arab distress signal at that time. It is usually invoked when there is a possibility of dire danger. And since the call was made by the faithful Muhammad (PBUH), they gathered in front of him in fear. Then Muhammad (PBUH) addressed the people present and said if I say that behind this mountain a group of enemies is waiting to attack you, would you believe it? Then they all said; of course, I will believe you because you are Al Amin, you have never told a lie in your whole life
Then Muhammad (PBUH) called upon the people present to believe in his message and in one God and warned them that if they did not believe in one God they would face the severe punishment of hell in the Hereafter. They could not deny his call, nor could they accept it Because they never heard him tell a lie. But at this time Abu Lahab said to Muhammad; Tabballaka Ya Muhammad! A Lihaja Jama'tana (O Muhammad, perish thou, is it for this that thou hast brought us together?). Saying that he threw stones at Muhammad. Surah Lahab was revealed in this context After that, Muhammad (PBUH) continued to convey the message of his message to different tribes of Makkah.
The Opposition of Quraish:
Although no one responded to the announcement, Muhammad (PBUH) continued his da'wa activities. One day when he appeared in the Kaaba and publicly invited people to Tawheed, the polytheists considered it insulting to them and opposed and attacked him. Hares bin Abi Hala was martyred while protecting Muhammad
There were several forms of the opposition of the Quraish:
The Quraysh were worried that when the various delegations gathered in Makkah for the purpose of Hazrat Muhammad Aslam would present them with the invitation to Islam, they held a meeting led by Walid Mughira and decided to promote it as Muhammad Jadughar. They warned them about Muhammad Islam in various ways. Wherever Muhammad (PBUH) invited, his uncle Abu Lahab would go behind them and tell them that they should not listen to him. He is a crazy liar and sorcerer.
First of all they used to make Muhammad (PBUH) a laughing stock and a liar so as to break the morale of the Muslims.
Second, their second method was to distort the teachings of Muhammad (PBUH) to create doubt and disbelief, falsely propagandize the teachings of the religion and target religious people in futile debates so that they stay away from Muhammad (PBUH) and do not get the opportunity to learn Islam.
The third method was to turn people away from Muhammad (PBUH) by presenting pre-Islamic stories to the people For this task they appointed Nazar ibn Hares. Nazar Ibn Hares collected various things, stories, and anecdotes from Arabia, and outside Arabia Muhammad (PBUH) tried to turn people away from Islam by telling those stories wherever he preached. Even this Nazar ibn Hares bought some maids. When she heard of a person who was attracted to Muhammad (PBUH) and Islam, she would send one of her maids behind that person. The maid used to sing, feed and entertain the man in various ways. At some point, it was seen that the person had no interest in Islam
In the fourth stage, they mislead people by saying that Islam and Jahiliyyah are the same things and that one day they will merge together. As they proposed to the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) that one year he would worship their gods and one year they would worship his Lord. The polytheists said if you accept our gods, we will also worship your Allah These were essentially a ploy to conflate Islam with earlier Jahiliyyah
Reasons for Quraysh's Opposition:
There were several reasons for the Quraish's anti-Islamism
Religious:
According to Allama Shibli Nomani, one of the characteristics of uneducated and barbaric people is that they try to resist everything that is against their ancestral customs. So when Muhammad (PBUH) presented the invitation to Islam against the customs and beliefs of the foolish Arabs, naturally they began to oppose that, if they accepted the religion practiced by their predecessors, they would have to give up their religious traditions, which they were not ready to do.
Economic:
One of the sources of the economic power of the Quraish in Mecca was the money received from the management of the Hajj and the people who came to the Kaaba at other times. Makkah-based businesses, competition in Ukaj fairs, and religious ritual festivals gave them financial prosperity. They started opposing it because they would be deprived of the privileges that Muhammad (PBUH) was giving and their economic conditions would deteriorate.
Political:
Another major reason for opposition was the fear of Quraysh losing political power or authority. Meccan-centered pagans were then in the seat of leadership. The call of Muhammad (PBUH) was completely anti-paganism. They would lose their leadership if the Da'wah of Muhammad (PBUH) was established. They started opposing Muhammad SAW mainly due to the fear of losing the leadership
Social and Moral:
The Arab society at that time was indulging in various vices like alcohol, gambling, women, war, etc. The call of Islam was against all these vices and superstitions. So the call of Islam hurts the interests of all these permanent self-interests The society that Muhammad (PBUH) Salam is trying to establish is completely contrary to their wishes and habits
Rooted Misconceptions of Arabs:
There was a misconception among the Arabs that one had to be from a noble family in Makkah or Taif to receive prophethood. Moreover, they believed that in order to attain leadership and prophethood, one must have an abundance of wealth and many sons as indispensable qualities of leadership. But Muhammad (PBUH) had neither wealth nor a son. No one can be a leader without more wealth and more children. Because of this idea, they started opposition.
Superhuman concept
The Quraish had an idea that no one could be a prophet-messenger from among humans. However, he will not be like ordinary people, but he will be physically different from ordinary people. But Muhammad (PBUH) was not superhuman. In structure, he was like other people. They opposed his invitation as it did not conform to the conventional ideas of the common people
Persecution of Quraish against Muslims:
As the number of Muslims was increasing along with the spread of Islam, the oppression, torture, and torture of the Quraish against the new Muslims was also gradually increasing. In various ways they tortured the Muslims; For example, they used to torture Muhammad (PBUH) in various processes such as keeping him captive and beating him, not giving him food, laying him in the hot sand of the desert, brutally killing him, dragging him behind a horse with a rope, and pressing the pulse of a camel on Muhammad (PBUH) while he was praying.
Hares Ibn Abi Hala was the first to be martyred in this persecution of the Quraysh, followed by Sumayyah among the women. Sumayya's husband Yasir and sons Ammar Ibn Yasir, Belal Habshi, Khabbab, and Hazrat Uthman (RA) were subjected to terrible persecution by the Quraish in the early days of Islam.
Migration to Abyssinia:
At the beginning of the persecution, Muhammad (PBUH) was somewhat safe, but the neo-Muslims were severely persecuted. The justice of King Najjashi of Abyssinia, a neighboring state of Arabia, was renowned throughout Abar. Muhammad (PBUH) ordered Muslims to migrate to Abyssinia to escape persecution. Muslims first migrated to Abyssinia. Migration to Abyssinia happened twice.
First migration to Abyssinia:
In the fifth year of Prophethood in 615 AD under the command of Muhammad (PBUH), Hazrat Osman led four women including his wife Ruqayyah and a total of 15 people migrated to Abyssinia, including 11 men Jafar Ibn Abu Talib was in this group
Delegation of Quraish to Abyssinia:
Hearing the news of the Muslims migrating to Abyssinia, the Quraysh failed to catch them in their tracks Quraysh sent a delegation to King Najjasi to bring them back At this time, Jafar Ibn Abu Talib recited Surah Maryam in front of the king and he gave a speech. The king was impressed by Ja'far ibn Abu Talib's words and ordered the Quraysh delegation to leave Abyssinia. Allowed Muslims to stay safely in Abyssinia
Second Migration to Abyssinia:
After two months, the emigrants returned to Abyssinia, thinking that the situation in Mecca might change. But then the persecution of Muslims in Makkah increased two-fold. As a result, Muhammad (PBUH) again ordered the Muslims to migrate to Abyssinia. About 100 Muslims migrated in 616 AD, including 18 women. Hazrat Osman and his wife Ruqayyah were in this caravan for the second time as well.
Significance and Consequences of Hijra in Abyssinia:
Abandoning the homes and possessions of Mecca, the Muslims migrated to Abyssinia to convey to the infidels that they would never abandon their faith.
The safe position of the Muslims in Abyssinia strengthened them financially and they found refuge.
The migration to Abyssinia was essentially a preliminary to the final migration to Medina.
King Najjashi was sincerely sympathetic towards Islam Although he embraced Islam with all his heart, he could not disclose it due to surrounding reasons, because the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) heard the news of his death and performed his funeral in secret. On the other hand, the number of followers of Islam was increasing in Mecca.
Boycott policy of Quraysh or Shiab e Abu Talib:
The Quraysh adopted a different approach as the power of Islam grew day by day and was unable to stop the advance of Islam. They decided to boycott the Muslims as well as the Banu Hashem tribe. In the 6th year of the Prophet in 616, they drew up a covenant document and preserved it in the Kaaba. According to this agreement-
None of the Quraysh would enter into matrimonial relations with Muslims;
Not to buy goods from Quraysh and Muslims and not to sell goods to them;
All social interaction and dialogue with Muslims will be suspended indefinitely;
Whoever helps the Muslims will be severely punished;
This pledge will remain in force until Hazrat Mohammad Sallah Salam is handed over to the Quraish to be killed.
Shiab e Abu Talib or this boycott was a prison for Muslims. Along with the Muslims, Banu Hashem suffered this boycott. The lives of Muslims are endangered due to the acute shortage of food and drink. All kinds of transactions, trade, and food supply were stopped by them. For three years the Muslims suffered terribly in this jail, but even then the Muslims did not lose patience.
Release from Shiab e Abu Talib:
The inhumane policy towards the Banu Hashem provoked a strong reaction in the minds of the conscientious Quraish. Many of them used to secretly send some food items. Hisham Ibn Amr played an important role in freeing the Muslims from this boycott. In addition, Zuhair ibn Abu Umayyah, Abul Bukhtari ibn Hisham, Mutayim ibn Adi, and Abu Talib's sister Bibi Atiqah worked for the Muslims. Zuhair consulted some like-minded people and came up with a plan On the appointed day, he circumambulate the Kaaba seven times and addressed the people of Makkah, and said, "Listen, people of Makkah, we will eat, drink, wear clothes, and Banu Hashem will be destroyed. This situation cannot continue any longer." He was stopped when he tried to tear up the promissory note.
Meanwhile, through revelation, Muhammad (PBUH) came to know that the pledge had been eaten by insects. Abu Talib immediately came to the house of the Kaaba and declared that your treaty is invalid and that it has been eaten by insects, if this is not true then we will withdraw from Muhammad (PBUH). Then after the argument, the promised paper was taken out and it was seen that all the paper except the name of Allah had been eaten by insects. This led to the tearing up of the pledge and the end of the boycott. However, there was no change in the Quraysh's attitude towards Islam.
Quraysh's offer for Compromise:
The Quraish then collectively sent a compromise proposal to Muhammad Salah Salam's uncle, Abu Talib. They say that Muhammad (PBUH) will be granted whatever he desires. All the power, wealth, and beautiful women of Mecca will be given to him on the condition that he does not oppose their gods and preach Islam. When the Quraish presented this proposal to Muhammad (PBUH), he firmly rejected it and said; Even if someone gives me the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left hand, I will not renounce Islam.
Amul Huzan or Year of Suffering:
6 months after being freed from Abu Talib in Siyab, the Prophet's uncle Abu Talib passed away and shortly thereafter his faithful wife Umm al-Mu'minin Hazrat Khadija passed away. He was deeply saddened and lonely at the death of his wife Khadijah, one of the helpers and refugees of Islam, and his uncle Abu Talib. For this reason, the tenth year of Prophethood is called Amal Huzur, or the year of suffering
Taif Movement:
Uncle Abu Talib did not convert to Islam but gave maximum security and shelter to Muhammad (PBUH). In the absence of Abu Taleb, the Quraysh now seized the opportunity and increased the persecution of the Muslims. During this time, the Prophet (PBUH) traveled with his foster son Zayd Ibn Harith to Taif, a fertile region 75 miles south of Makkah. When he continued to preach Islam there, the head of the Shakib tribe chased his unruly boys behind him. They stoned Muhammad to death and threw him out of the city. Ni stayed in Taif for ten days and then he entered Makkah through the mediation of Mut'im ibn Adi. It should be noted that although the people of Taif did not accept Islam at that time, a large group of jinn came to Rasulullah SAW and accepted the initiation of Islam, which is described in the Holy Quran.
Miraze Journey
In the 11th year of Prophethood in 620 or 21 AD, on the night of the 26th day of the month of Rajab, the Miraj of Prophet Muhammad SAW took place. According to the Islamic encyclopedia, the event of Prophet Muhammad's journey from Makkah to Baitul Baitul Muqaddas and from there traveling for seven days to appear in the presence of Allah is called Miraj. Basically the death of Muhammad's uncle and his wife Khadija, then Allah Ta'ala visited him through Miraj to ease the physical and mental suffering he was experiencing due to the oppression he was experiencing after going to Taif. When he came from Miraj and narrated the events of Miraj, Abu Bakr was the first to confirm this Miraj as a true event. Then the Prophet (PBUH) gave Abu Bakr the title of Siddiq or truthful
Islam at Yasrib (Madinah) and the Oath of Aqaba:
First Oath of Aqaba:
After his return from Taif, Muhammad (PBUH) continued to preach Islam to the people of different Arab tribes who came to Makkah on the occasion of Hajj. At this time, he met six men from the Khazraj tribe of Yasrib in the valley of Makkah called Takhraba. He invited them to Islam and recited various verses of the Qur'an. When they hear the Qur'an they are quite impressed and realize that the latter is the prophet that the Jewish and Christian scholars were talking about. They immediately converted to Islam and returned to Madinah and devoted themselves to the propagation of Islam
Second Oath of Aqaba:
The following year in 621, a total of 12 people from the Aws and Khazraj tribes accepted Islam after meeting Muhammad in the desert of Aqaba during Hajj. They requested to send a companion to Madinah to teach Islam. Muhammad (PBUH) sent Hazrat Musab to Yasrib to teach the Quran and spread Islam.
Third Oath of Aqaba:
During the Hajj season the following year, 75 people from Yasrib converted to Islam with Prophet Muhammad. There were also women in this group. In addition to accepting Islam, Madinah invited Muhammad to Madinah and promised to give all his support to Islam.
Pledges of the Aqaba Oath:
In the Oaths of Aqaba, the people of Yathrib pledged themselves to Muhammad:
We will worship One God and will not associate anyone with God;
We will not commit adultery;
We will not steal or rob;
Under no circumstances We will kill or sacrifice children;
We will not falsely accuse anyone;
We will not slander anyone's character;
We will not cheat and cheat;
We will obey Allah's Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in every good deed and will not disobey him in any right deed.
Significance of Oath of Aqaba:
The Oaths of Aqaba were an effective mechanism to increase Muhammad's power in Medina by staying in Mecca. Along with the first six accepting Islam, they continued to invite people about Muhammad and about Islam The next group followed the same process. All these families were basically being guided by the ideals and guidance of Muhammad (peace be upon him). The last 75 people of Madinah accepted Islam and assured Muhammad (PBUH) of all security, Hazrat Musab used to go to Madinah and read the Quran to the people upon their invitation After hearing the Quran from him, many residents of Madinah accepted Islam Since they understood the language of the Qur'an, it became very easy to spread Islam there Thus a favorable environment was created in Madinah which laid the foundation stone of the Islamic State
Life of Muhammad at Makkah
Life of Muhammad at Makkah
Life of Muhammad at Makkah
Life of Muhammad at Makkah
Read More
Life and Work of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH): Before Prophethood
Supporting Bibliography
P.K, Hitti, History of the Arabs, third edition revised, Macmillan and Company Limited, London,1946,
Sayed Amir Ali, A Short History of the Saracens, Macmillan and Company Limited, London, 1916
S.W, Muir, The Caliphate, its Rise, Decline & Fall, The Religious Tract Society, Piccadilly, London. 1891
মো: আতিয়ার রহমান ও মো: ইব্রাহীম খলিল, মুসলমানদের ইতিহাস (570-750), 2014
পি,কে হিট্টি, আরর জাতির ইতিহাস , (বাংলা অনুবাদ)
সৈয়দ আমীর আলী, আরব জাতির ইতিহাস, (বাংলা অনুবাদ)
প্রফেসর ড. মো আতিয়ার রহমান ও ড. মো. ইব্রাহীম খলিল,মুসলমানদের ইতিহাস (৫৭০-৭৫০)
মোহা. আল মুস্তানছির বিল্যাহ, ইসলামের ইতিহাস: হযরত মুহাম্মদ (সা.), খোলাফায়ে রািশেদিন ও উমাইয়া খিলাফত
Md. Billal Hossain
B.A. Honours (1st Class 4th), M.A. (1st Class 2nd), University of Dhaka
BCS General Education
Lecturer
Department of Islamic History & Culture
Chandpur Govt. College, Chandpur.
No comments:
Post a Comment